From Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection

Contents 1 What is a computer? 1.1 Brief History 2 Hardware 2.1 The Insides 2.1.1 CPU 2.1.2 Memory 2.1.3 Hard Drive 2.2 The Peripherals 2.2.1 Keyboard and Mouse 2.2.1.1 Keyboard 2.2.1.2 Mouse 2.2.2 Media Devices (Floppy, CD-ROM, DVD, USB) 2.2.3 Monitor 2.2.4 Printer 3 Software 3.1 What is Software? 4 Setup and Boot 5 Operating Systems 6 Basic Operating Tasks 6.1 Moving the Mouse 6.2 Keyboard 6.3 GUI (Gooey) 7 Windows XP 7.1 Booting for the first time 7.2 Running Windows XP 7.2.1 Some useful keyboard shortcuts in Windows 7.3 Launching and Working with Programs and Windows 7.3.1 Background Information 7.3.2 Opening a Window 7.3.3 Modifying the Window 7.3.4 Moving a Window 7.3.5 Working with Multiple Windows 7.3.6 Task Bar 7.4 Windows Gooey GUI 7.4.1 Menu Bar 7.4.1.1 Common Menu Bar Features 7.4.2 Scroll Bar 8 Linux 8.1 Installing Linux 8.2 Booting Linux for the first time 8.3 Running Linux 8.3.1 Linux Shortcuts 8.4 Gnome 8.5 K Desktop (KDE)

[edit] What is a computer?

Simply put, a computer is a machine that performs mathematical calculations.

[edit] Brief History

Computers, by our above definition, have been around for thousands of years. One of the earliest computers, called an abacus, used a series of beads on metal rods, which could be slid back and forth to add or subtract numbers. This is a very rudimentary device and is not commonly thought of as a computer in modern times. Our idea of computers involves electricity and electronics.

Electricity makes computers much more efficient. The first computers used an incredible amount of electricity, which changed voltages in vacuum tubes in order to operate the computer. These computers were instructed to calculate by the use of punch cards. These computers were behemoths, taking up entire floors of buildings. Only the more privileged universities and government facilities had access to them.

In the 1960's, the vacuum tube was replaced by the integrated circuit and transistor. These greatly reduced the size and power consumption of computers. These computers where still very large, but this allowed more institutions to utilize computing power. At the end of decade, the microchip was invented which reduced the size of the computer even more.

By the end of the 1970's, computer use was widespread in businesses. This involved the use of a dumb terminal (a keyboard and a mouse attached to a large central computer). Soon, parts became small enough to allow home users to have a personal computer. Thus the Personal Computer, or PC, was born.

Since then, PC's have become tremendously more efficient. They are much smaller, and yet have seen extreme performance gains. In addition to these improvements, computers have become affordable enough for most American families.

[edit] Hardware

Hardware is the stuff you can touch, as opposed to software which is abstract and exists only in a virtual world as computer code. Hardware is made of materials found in the universe and are subject to the laws of physics. Contrary to the latter, software is bound only by the creator's imagination and the user's willingness to believe what the creator wants them to.

[edit] The Insides

Inside the computer case are various components that allow the computer to run.

[edit] CPU

The Central Processing Unit, or CPU, contains the brains behind the operation. It is the main microchip in the computer that distributes tasks to all other parts of the computer. When most people talk about the processor, or chip, it is actually the CPU they are referring to.

[edit] Memory

Computer memory, more commonly called RAM (Random Access Memory), holds computer code that needs to be operated on quickly. RAM is plugged into special slots on what is called the motherboard. It has a large direct expressway (aka CPU bus or Memory bus) to the CPU, allowing the information held by the memory to quickly interact with the CPU. RAM size is limited and needs to be constantly cleared and refilled (don't worry; it does this automatically). RAM is just one part of the computer that determines your speed.

RAM is referred to as "volatile" memory, compared to a hard drive (or a USB "flash" drive) which has 'non-volatile' memory, meaning that the RAM loses it's memory whenever it loses power. Non-volatile memory, on the other hand, is semi-permanent, in the same way that paper is, in that it can be destroyed or erased, but when properly taken care of can last forever.

[edit] Hard Drive

The hard drive is the main storage area in the computer. It is usually where you put your data to be stored permanently (until you choose to erase it), and it retains data after power is removed.

Virtually all of your data is stored on your hard drive. A hard drive is composed of disk(s), where the data is recorded onto the surface, similar to records, CDs, and DVDs. The size of the hard drive (today's are usually in gigabytes) is determined by how dense (small) the recording is. Many of today's major programs (such as games, media creating and editing programs such as Photoshop) and files (such as pictures, music, or video) use a considerable amount of space. Most low-end computers, as of 2007, are shipped with a 60GB (gigabyte) or larger hard drive. As an example, an average mp3 takes between 7.5 and 15MB (megabyte) of space. A megabyte is 1/1000ths of a gigabyte, thus allowing most new computers to store thousands of such files.

Users who wish to store a lot of media on a computer will want a larger hard drive, as will users who want to store numerous programs such as modern games which require a lot of space. Most video games today are distributed via DVD discs that store data, called DVD-ROM (read only memory, which can be read off the disk, but does not allow the drive to modify it), which can be anywhere from 4.7GB for a single layer disk to 8.5GB for a double layered disk...and many intensive programs are starting to use all that space, if not more!

Another concern for users who want higher performance is hard drive speed, measured in RPM. Most desktop hard drives today are 7200RPM models, with lower end 4200RPM models not commonly seen in new systems (other than laptops), and higher end 10,000RPM hard drives generally seen only in gaming and other extremely high performance computers due to their cost. For example, a 320GB 7200RPM drive costs around 85$ (as of April07), compared to a 300GB 10,000RPM drive which costs almost 600$ more at 660$ (Also as of April07)

Hard drives are constantly increasing in size, both because technology allows, and because of demand for more storage space. For example, an apple iMac in the late nineties shipped with a 4GB hard drive, and sold for 1,300$ US (although it should be noted that the cost alone is not indicative of the hard drive, or vice versa), compared to a modern iMac which sells for 1000$ US and carries a 160GB hard drive(As of April07). Compare to the original IBM PC, which carried only a 10MB hard drive, or 1/100th of a GB.

Some extremely high end computers already have hard drive space in the Terabyte (Commonly abbreviated as TB, a Terabyte is 1000GB0) range, achieved by linking multiple high capacity hard drives together. It is entirely likely that within a few years TB sized storage space on computers will be common, and within decades Petabytes (thousands of Terabytes) and even exobytes (Thousands of Petabytes) will not be unheard of.

[edit] The Peripherals

Peripherals are hardware attached to a computer, but external to the main case that houses the CPU, Hard drives, and other such equipment. They include your mouse, monitor, printer, and other devices used by the computer to receive input from the user and return information after processing.

It is generally a good idea, although not as important as it used to be, to add and remove hardware from the computer while it is turned off. Things such as USB storage devices and keyboards/mice can generally be inserted and removed at a whim with no consequence, however more advanced things such as printers should be installed according to the manufacturer's instructions, including shutting down your computer.

[edit] Keyboard and Mouse

The keyboard and mouse are the most common types of input devices.

[edit] Keyboard

The keyboard has keys that, when pressed, send information to the computer. The keyboard is the most widely used device for interacting with a computer, and even many modern operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows XP can be operated with nothing but the keyboard or little but the keyboard. The most commonly used keyboard, by far, is the QWERTY layout, which almost all keyboards sold use. This is the same layout as most typewriters sold within the last century. The second most common, but a very distant follower, is the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard. While this is technically better, the industry and consumer market as a whole has mostly rejected it.

The QWERTY keyboard was designed to prevent typewriters from jamming while keys were being pushed at a fast rate, by keeping keys as far apart as possible. The Dvorak keyboard layout was designed for computers, where this is obviously not a problem, and thus places the most commonly used keys where they are easy to reach, and because of that, quicker. However, because of the popularity QWERTY had, the Dvorak keyboard layout never became popular, for two main reasons. The first being that because most people already know how to use QWERTY keyboards, and people are thus unlikely to switch, and the second being that because most people know how to use a QWERTY keyboard, there is very little use of Dvorak.

It is generally advised that you use a QWERTY keyboard, as even though Dvorak users gain significantly faster typing speeds, the rarity of the layout makes it hard for people who use Dvorak to use most other computers.

[edit] Mouse

The mouse is an input device which is primarily used by physically moving the device across a surface, which causes a pointer symbol, called a "cursor", to move across the screen, and secondarily by pressing a button while the cursor is over an object on the monitor, or "clicking". All mice have at least one button, with the most common layout having three.

• One button mice: The apple mighty mouse is the only mouse (that the writer knows of) which uses a single button. This button is usually activated by pushing on the front of the mouse, or pushing the entire mouse down. This has the benefit of being a simpler interface, and arguably more attractive, but suffers from this of being slightly more of a hassle to use, with tradition "right click" needs being changed to pressing a "control" or "ctrl" key on the keyboard while pressing the main button. These are only used with Macintosh OS, such as Mac OS X.

• Two button mice: The second most common layout, the most common in older computers, which has a button on the left and right, usually for the index and middle finger. While less useful than a three button mouse, they are, when teamed with a standard keyboard, capable of performing almost all computer tasks.

• Three button mice: The most common layout, Fundamentally the same as a two button mice, but with a third button added between the "left" and "right" click buttons. While the mouse technically has three buttons, this may be confusing to some users, as the "middle"/"center" click button is also a scroll wheel. This design allows the user to scroll through documents, make selections, and do other tasks by moving a finger, rather than pressing an arrow key or "Page up/Page down" key on a keyboard. The center button can also be press inwards to create a "middle click" button, which although not common, is used in some programs to perform a simple function, such as the Firefox web browser, which uses the middle click to open a link in a new tab.

• Four (or more) button mice: Usually seen only on gaming and multimedia specialization mice, extra buttons generally do not serve any native purpose, and rather are assigned a function to perform by the user. For example, a user who uses the mouse to play games might assign the additional buttons to switch between weapons in a shooter, or cast spells in a fantasy game.

There are two other major differences in mice, which is Optical/Laser mice, and Ball mice. This is how the mice tells where it is, with the laser measuring the distance it crosses when it is moved, and the ball measuring how it rotates. The laser is generally more accurate and less of a hassle to use, and can be used on more surfaces, but the ball mouse is cheaper.

The last important consideration when buying a mouse is size. You should always try to put your hand on a mouse and move it around, to see how well it feels in your hand. If it feels awkward, small, big, long, or short, look for something better! Not only will your hands thank you, but you will be more efficient.

[edit] Media Devices (Floppy, CD-ROM, DVD, USB)

These devices carry data, in the same way that a hard drive does, but are much more portable. They are the primary method of storing data outside of a computer, and the main method of transferring information between computers without the use of a network, such as the internet.

There are four main types of these in use today:

• 3.5" Floppy: capable of storing 1.44MB of data, the oldest form of storage still seen in use today, and gradually being phased out. Many computer manufacturers have stopped or plan to stop making floppy drives, and while they are still available for use by system builders and modifiers, they are generally intended for older computers
• CD-ROM: Capable of storing 700MB of data, the most common method of storing data for most of the last decade or so, which has recently been replaced by DVDs and USB.
• DVD: Capable of storing 4.7GB of data in their single layer form, and 8.5GB in their double layer form, they are the most common method today for most store bought programs, as well as videos.
• USB/Flash: While not usually used by commercial software, USB 'sticks' and Flash 'cards' have become popular ways of storing data, because of their ease of use, and low cost. While sizes range from 128MB on old units to 12GB on larger, more expensive modern units, the average stick today is 1 or 2GB, with an average 2GB USB stick costing about 15$ US

[edit] Monitor

The monitor is the main method of giving the computer output, in the same way a book has pages. A book with all the letters in it, but in a way you can't possible understand or even see is of no use to you, and the same is true for a computer. While older monitors, CRTs, were rather bulky like TVs, newer monitors, or LCDs, are much more compact, and easily lifted by even children.

For much of the history of computers, the most common monitors were CRTs, short for Cathode Ray Tubes. They work on the same principle as a television. These were generally heavy, had a lower image quality, and were in general less reliable than an LCD. They come in two forms, the normal version, which has a curved monitor, and "Flat Screen", where the display is completely level (although it still has the bulky back end). As CRTs contain dangerous materials such as lead, you should NEVER attempt to open a CRT monitor by yourself, and you should NEVER simply toss one in the trash. Look in your area for the proper channels to dispose of them.

The most common type of monitor today is an LCD, or Liquid Crystal Display, which is much lighter, although slightly more expensive. They have a smaller form, a higher image quality, and are overall better than CRT monitors.

Tip: To take proper care of your monitor, always be sure that the screen is not left on a static image for long periods of time. This can "burn" the image into the monitor, meaning that it will have a ghosting effect, even when that image is not displayed. This can not only be highly annoying, but in some cases, make it so the monitor needs to be replaced. To avoid this, either set a moving screensaver, which will trigger after a set amount of time, or simply turn the monitor off

[edit] Printer

If you have a printer attached to your computer you can print your information and keep a "hard copy". Depending on what type of printer you have, you can print in color, double-sided, book form. The output quality of some printers goes from draft (to save ink) all the way to photo quality.

Printers come in all price ranges and in many types. The most common for home use are ink jets (bubble jets) and laser. There are specialized printers for data plotting (mapping), photos only, labels and more.

A lot of printers are "all-in-ones" which simply means they combine more than one function. They can be any combination of printer, copier, fax and scanner. If you are looking to buy an all-in-one make sure it has all the features you are looking for. You don't want to get it home and find out you still need a separate fax machine or scanner that you thought was included!

[edit] Software

[edit] What is Software?

Software is what allows the computer to run. Think of the computer as a person- even with strong muscles, sharp eyes, and a brain to rival Einstein, it's not much good if you can't even think! Software is what almost all people use to input to the computer. Software makes it much easier for the average person to use a computer, especially without training.

If it weren't for software, you'd have to train for years to be able to even check email, and when you did check it, you'd wish you'd just gone to the post office!

If you buy a computer from a store, instead of assembling it yourself, they will almost always include an operating system (usually Microsoft Windows), which will include almost all of the software the average person will use on a day to day basis. However, you should be careful to check, as it is not unheard of for a store to sell a computer off with the perception of it being cheap, only to find out that you cannot run anything on it due to the lack of an OS!

While most software is designed to be easy to install and use, there will likely be some programs that will be hard to install (this is much more the case on Linux than on Mac OSX or Windows XP, and slightly the case with Vista, due to it's being a new OS), and the easiest way to figure these out is generally to look for the answer on a search engine, such as google.

[edit] Setup and Boot

The first thing to do after taking your computer out of the box is to set it up. While many stores offer at home installation, this is generally unneeded for anyone able to operate a computer, as a computer can be hooked up with about the same effort as a television and components.

The basic parts are:

• The Case: Also known as the 'tower', or incorrectly as the 'CPU', the case is what stores all of the brains of the computer- the graphics card, processor, hard drives, etc. This is the most important and expensive part of your setup, and technically the 'computer' itself.
• The monitor
• The keyboard/mouse

Simply place the case wherever you wish to have it, plug the monitor's cable into the appropriate slot on the back of the computer, place the monitor where you wish to have it, plug the monitor's cable into the monitor, plug the keyboard and mouse into the appropriate slots on your computer, and lastly plug the power cable into the power supply on the back of the computer, and into a standard wall outlet. You should consider using a surge protector to protect the delicate electronics inside a computer from any power surge, or loss. You may also consider using a power backup, which will allow you time to shut your computer down safely during a blackout, or even continue to use it until the power is restored, in some cases.

You may have a laptop/notebook computer, which all of the components are integrated into a single compact source that you can carry in a briefcase/backpack. In that case you need only plug in your battery and power cord. Follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the computer for putting the battery in the laptop/notebook and plugging in the power cord.

Some additional models differ from the above two designs. For example, the iMac and eMac series of Apple computers have the internals and monitor housed in one case, with only the keyboard and mouse separate. Please refer to your instruction manual for setup instructions (Apple usually has very clear instructions). Note: Many of the instructions in this Wikibook require a Windows computer.

After everything is assembled, turn the power on to your monitor and speakers, then turn on the computer. It is important to turn the monitor and speakers on first so that you can hear and see any error sounds or messages. You should also pay attention to your computer, and be ready to turn the power off immediately if there are any problems, such as the fans not starting. Though you should be careful, as computer fans can be extremely quiet, if the fans do not start, turn the computer off right away to prevent the CPU and other delicate components from overheating.

[edit] Operating Systems

The major software application on a computer is called the operating system. The operating system is like the driver of a car. While it might seem like it's only telling the car (computer) what to do, it is in fact also interfacing with the different parts of it, as well as taking any new input (say, a map, or instructions on where to go- which equates to other software) and performing these tasks to the best of it's ability. Although many things are compatible across platforms, more involved programs, such as photo editing tools and games, will not work across all platforms, in the same way that if you started giving your cab driver directions in French, he'd probably tell you to get out, unless you were of course, in France!

There are three major OS that you should consider using for your first desktop/notebook PC.

• Windows: There are two main branches of this, MS-DOS and Windows NT. Although most people will not tell you they are running Windows NT, this is actually what Windows XP and Windows Vista users are doing. MS-DOS OS, The Win9x series, are not in common use any more. Windows has the advantage of being the most common OS, which means it is compatible with most software (although users of other OS will say that they have alternatives which are better). Windows is fairly easy to use, although it is commonly taunted for using too much of a computer's resources on it's own processes, instead of what the user is running. Note that almost any computer you buy from a store, unless it's specifically says it's a mac, will run Windows of some type.
• Mac: The second most common OS in desktop systems, Mac OSX is rare compared to Windows, although not any worse. Macs have been designed to be very easy for people to use, and are thus a good choice for a first system, as long as you don't mind not having as many software and games options as windows users. Many Mac users are extremely loyal to the OS, and it has gained slightly more popularity in recent years, due to the popularity of the iPod MP3 device, and various other apple products.
• Linux: While it is also rare compared to windows, linux does have it's advantages. Linux is open source, which means that anyone can change the code around and redistribute it as they want, resulting in many different versions. Though it can be daunting, distrowatch.com can help the average person decide which version of the OS would be best for them. There is a wide range of versions, called distros, ranging from one that's meant to fit on a 50MB business card sized CD to ones that are meant to be easier to use than windows! Linux can be harder to use than windows at times, especially because it is almost required that you use the command line at times, however users who are willing to put in the effort to search for a solution (usually quick and easy) and copy/paste the answer into the command line will generally appreciate it, with some being as devoted or more so than the aforementioned mac users! Linux suffers many of the same downfalls as Mac, however, including a lack of commercial software, especially games. This is slightly remedied by the large amount of free, open source linux games, and the WINE program, which can run many windows programs such as games under linux, without having to emulate Windows OS. While many 'hardcore' gamers are disappointed by the lack of games, even compared to mac, there are many games which are either native to linux, or work well enough under WINE that most casual gamers will not have a problem.

Note: If you do want to use Linux, the writer recommends you use Ubuntu, which is easy to use, and has a large and helpful community- at least until you become knowledgeable enough about linux to decide for yourself which Distro to use.

[edit] Basic Operating Tasks

[edit] Moving the Mouse

The mouse controls the movement of an on-screen pointer, called a cursor that often looks like an arrow. When you move the mouse, the pointer on-screen moves too, usually in the same direction as the mouse. In other words, move the mouse toward you to move the on-screen pointer toward the bottom of the screen, you move the mouse to the away from you and the arrow moves to the top, and so on. You indicate to the computer what parts of the screen you want to interact with by placing the pointer over those areas on the screen.

The visual representation of the mouse's position, by default a small white arrow, is commonly referred to as the cursor.

One easy-to-use learning tool is called Mouserobics. This training aide is used by instructors around the world.

[edit] Keyboard

The keyboard is used for inputing text into the computer. It is designed so that users can type all the letters of the alphabet without moving their hands. Many programs from word processors, media players utilize the keyboard.

• The numbers at the right of the keyboard can work in two ways. While in normal mode, the keys will function as another set of arrow keys, in num lock mode, they will instead be an alternate way of inputting numbers. This is mainly useful when putting in more than a few digits at a time, when using the numbers over the letters becomes more of a hassle than a time saving method.

• The keys labeled F1, F2, F3 ... at the top of the keyboard are the "function keys". F1 is usually assigned as a "help" key, which will open a help dialog when pressed. If you are having trouble with a program, or just want tips, reading these files can often be useful or insightful.

• "Ctrl" and "Alt" at the bottom means "control" and "alternative". These keys are normally used to type special symbols or for shortcuts. More on that below.

[edit] GUI (Gooey)

Almost all programs that you will be working with will have a GUI or Graphical User Interface. The GUI is the 'pretty' part of a computer- the windows, buttons, scroll bars, and task trays. The GUI is really just a front for the command line, which is what does the actual process and such. While almost all Windows and Mac users do not need to worry about this, this is important for users of Linux to know, as they will use the command line for tasks, which either cannot be done or are more efficient to do through the command line terminal.

[edit] Windows XP

[edit] Booting for the first time

Turn on the computer as described above.

The boring process of booting up will begin. Booting is just starting up the computer. (Remember to turn on peripherals first!). This may take a few minutes, so be patient. Your computer is testing itself and running a bunch of internal functions that you'll probably never have to worry about. You don't care what's happening inside when you turn on your TV. You just want it on. It's the same with the computer. Just let it do its thing!

If it is the first time booting up the computer running XP operating system, a prompt asking you to choose a user name and password will appear; you may enter up to five different users. Note: if you want the computer to just boot up straight into Windows XP every time you use it, you should create only one user and not enter a password. In Windows XP Home edition, different users have the same programs installed, but may choose different backgrounds for their desktop (more on this later), and have different program icons on it as well; if you have Windows XP Professional, the differences are much fewer. Passwords should be secure, but not as secure as if it were an online password, as you only need to prevent people accessing the actual computer itself- make sure if you choose a password you can remember and write it down, as this is one password you simply cannot afford to lose. DON'T ever tape your password to a keyboard or other part of your system. That's the first place everyone looks! There will be some questions that show up on the screen. Answer them the best you can and if you're not sure, use the default. You may be asked to activate your software if the installer has not done so. Microsoft requires you to activate XP. If you don't activate it will quit working and you'll have to install it all over. Activation is usually done over the internet but can also be done by phone. The number will appear on the screen. Register it ASAP!

[edit] Running Windows XP

Now Windows XP has booted up, hopefully, and is running. You should now be looking at a rolling green hillside with a blue sky and clouds. This view is called the desktop, which makes sense. The rolling green hillside is called the background and can be changed to a variety of pictures installed with Windows XP, or to one you yourself load onto your computer. You'll probably notice a couple of pictures with words like "AOL Free Trial" or "Shortcut to...something" beneath them (don't panic if these particular ones aren't present). These are called icons and are linked to specific actions, usually opening a program (see below). You can create your own icons, as well as delete ones you do not want. Don't worry, this will be explained later. The blue bar at the bottom of the screen is called the taskbar. If you have a program open, it will be represented with a little icon and a name here. On the far left of the taskbar is a large green button which says START; this is logically known as the Start menu. If you left click (hereafter simply referred to as "click") it with your mouse, you will open a menu which contains links to almost everything in your computer (the first time you ever start Windows XP, the Start menu will automatically be displayed). On the far right of the taskbar, you will see a notification area known as the system tray. It contains both temporary and constant notification icons. Right now, it probably has only the clock and a button with a message, asking you to click it if you want to take the Windows XP tour. If you are unfamiliar with computers, it is highly recommended that you take the tour. If you wish to wait, you can take it later by clicking on the Start menu, clicking All Programs, clicking Accessories, and clicking Tour Windows XP (this type of menu action will from here on be represented as START -> All Programs -> Accessories -> Tour Windows XP).

[edit] Some useful keyboard shortcuts in Windows

The following keyboard shortcuts are used for frequently performed tasks and will speed up your computing. They normally work on all major platforms (Windows, Linux, Mac). (NOTE: When you are asked to press multiple buttons at once, you can first press the buttons Ctrl, Alt and Shift, and while keeping them pressed, press the remaining button. For example, to press Alt+Tab you first press and hold down Alt, then momentarily press tab, and then let go of the Alt key.)

• When filling out a form or a dialogue, enter the text, the press "tab" to get to the next text box or button. To go backwards, press Shift-Tab. Press "enter" to press a button. This will save you from taking your hands off the keyboard to use the mouse.

• To copy a selected text, or a selected file or folder, press "Ctrl-C"

• To paste the text or file into a new location, press "Ctrl-V"

• To select all the text (or items) press "Ctrl+A"

• To switch between open windows press "Alt-Tab"

• To log off from you session or to shut down the computer press "Ctrl-Alt-Delete"

• To select a piece of text or a list of files or folders, click the left mouse button on the starting position, then press and hold "Shift", then click on the end position, then release "Shift"

• To select text, files, or folders that are not contiguous (side-by-side or together), select the first item by clicking; next press and hold the "Ctrl" (control), click the next item, release the "Ctrl", repeat if necessary.

[edit] Launching and Working with Programs and Windows

[edit] Background Information

A program does something. Programs can process words, play music, and much much more. One simple program is called Notepad, and it is on many computers. Microsoft Word is a program, AbiWord is a program, and Mozilla Firefox is a program. They will be explained later.

[edit] Opening a Window

Now it is time for a tutorial.

1. Left click on the Start Menu. It is in the lower left corner of the screen.
2. Put the mouse over the words that say "All Programs" or "Programs" (This depends on if you have the classical start menu or not which will be discussed in a chapter about customization)
3. More menus will come out of the arrow. Bring the mouse up to accessories and let it expand.
4. Click on Notepad.

Another way to say steps 1-3 in a simple fashion is Start -> All Programs -> Accessories -> Notepad.

[edit] Modifying the Window

After doing this, many things happen. First of all, a window appears on the screen. Notice that there are three boxes in the upper right hand corner of the window.Here is what they do:

1. Click the first box going from left to right. Oh no! It's gone! Don't be startled because Notepad hasn't been lost in oblivion. It's just been minimized.
2. To get it back, look at the bottom of the screen. You will see a rectangular box that says "Untitled - Notepad". Almost every program will have this little box located in the task bar. When it is gone, the program's not running. Now, click on the box to see Notepad again.
3. Click the middle square. Notepad now takes up most of the screen. This is called maximizing. Look at the icon that you just clicked. It has changed.
4. To get it back to normal, click the same button. That is called restoring.
5. Click the last square (with a big X on it) to close the window. It is gone for good and will never come back (until you do what you did in step one of Opening a Window again). This button is called the "X" button. If someone wanted someone else to press this, they could say "X it out."

[edit] Moving a Window

Now it's time to learn how to move windows.

1. To begin, open Notepad again with your new skills.
2. The place in the border where the three buttons are located is called the titlebar.
3. Click anywhere on the titlebar except the boxes and hold the mouse button down.
4. While still holding the button, move the mouse pointer. This is called "dragging". The window will follow the mouse and become an extension of your hand.
5. When the window is in that perfect location, let go of the button.

[edit] Working with Multiple Windows

The great thing about computers is that they allow for multi-tasking. You can listen to your favorite tunes, write a book, get work done, chat with their friends, and check your e-mail all at the same time. This can be done with much ease if learned correctly.

Time to get busy.

1. Open Notepad again.
2. Open Wordpad, which is located in Start -> Programs -> Accessories -> Wordpad.

There should now be two windows on the screen. The Wordpad window is the active window. We know this because its titlebar is brighter than Notepad's. Also, Wordpad's taskbar rectangle is a different color than Notepad's. When a program is active, keyboard and mouse input will go to that program.

1. Type "Hello." The text is in Wordpad's window because this is the active one. (If nothing shows up, then click in the part where you would type in the Wordpad program).
2. To make Notepad active, click on its titlebar. If it is covered by Wordpad, move it out of the way (by dragging it). Notepad will come on top of Wordpad once it is activated.
3. To make Wordpad active again, click its rectangle in the taskbar.
4. Play with the two programs until you get the hang of working with multiple windows. Use the maximize and minimize buttons. Don't really click any of the buttons on the programs yet. You'll learn that soon enough...

[edit] Task Bar

There are a few more things you should know that you can do with the task bar to customize its appearance and behavior:

1. You can lock it (preventing other alterations listed below)
   • To check if the task bar is locked, hover the mouse over some part of the task bar not occupied by an icon, then click the right mouse button. A pop-up menu will appear, with an item "Lock the Taskbar" on it (among others). It can either have a checkmark next to it on the left, or not. If there is a check mark, the task bar is locked. If not, then it's not locked.
   • To change the locked state of the task bar, click on the "Lock the Taskbar" menu item, and the state will change to its opposite - if it was locked before, clicking unlocks it; if it was not locked, clicking locks it.
2. You can resize it (made larger, smaller, or even concealed, vertically)
   • To do this, the task bar must be unlocked (see immediately above)
   • Click and hold the thin border immediately above the task bar (you should see the cursor change to an up-and-down arrow), and "drag" it upward. You'll see that the task bar becomes fatter, giving it more room for program and quick-launch icons. Dragging it downward does the opposite. If you drag it all the way to the bottom of the screen, the task bar vanishes (except for its sizing border, which you can drag upward again to bring back the task bar.)
3. You can also move it to the top, right, or left edge of the screen
   • To do this, hover the mouse over some part of the task bar with no icon, then click the left mouse button and hold it down. Then move the mouse up, to the left, or to the right, and observe that the task bar will vanish from the bottom of the screen and reappear at the left, top, or right (according to which direction you dragged it.) When you release the mouse, the task bar will stay where you placed it.
4. You can select which of its component tool bars are displayed on it
   • (how-to goes here)
5. You can resize (horizontally) the visible tool bars
   • (how-to goes here)
6. You can set other properties of the task bar, such as whether the clock appears on it, or whether the task bar auto-hides itself
   • (how-to goes here)

[edit] Windows Gooey GUI

[edit] Menu Bar

1. Open Notepad.
   • Right under the titlebar, there will be a menu bar. There will be File, Edit, Help, and more.
2. Put your mouse over the word File and click.
   • A menu will pop up under the word and some choices will appear.
3. Click Open.
   • This will open up a dialog to open an existing text file. You don't have to open anything yet but you may if you want.
4. Click Exit.
   • This will close the program. It's another way of pressing X.
5. Open up Notepad and explore the menus.
   • Nothing will break. If you see something confusing, press cancel. Remember that a great way to learn about the computer is to do stuff on your own. Try opening up other programs from the menu and see what they do. Just try to get comfortable with using the computer.

[edit] Common Menu Bar Features

Most programs share at least some similar menu bar items. Below is an overview of basic buttons found in the menu bar. It is broken down the same way that the menu bar is. Try these out.

• File - Basic tasks like saving, opening, printing, and quitting are in the File menu.
• Edit - The Edit menu can do a number of things:
  • Cut, Copy, Paste - This is the same thing as right clicking where the curser is and pressing cut, copy, or paste. That means also that it's the same thing as Ctrl-x, Ctrl-c, and Ctrl-v, respectively. To learn more about cutting, copying, and pasting, click here.
  • Undo/Redo - If you ever make a mistake that's hard to fix, like deleting your 10 page paper, a great thing to try is Undo. Most of the time, programs will let you undo numerous times. Redo redoes what you undid with the Undo button. It's like pressing Back and Forward in a web browser. Also, Ctrl-z and Ctrl-y are for Undo and Redo.
  • Find/Replace - Find and Replace are very useful tools, and they are incorporated into many programs. One example below will show how to use find, and the other will show how to use replace.
    1. Let's say that a woman is on a webpage about muffins, but the only thing that she cares about are blueberry muffins. In order to save time, she goes to Edit -> Find. Then, she types "blueberry". The computer shows her every time that the word "blueberry" is on the page. This also works on other things such as word processors.
    2. Another person writes a 5 page essay that was supposed to be in third-person. However, he has a whole bunch of "you"s in his paper. In order to fix that, the person goes to Edit -> Find/Replace. In Find What, he puts "you" (without quotes), and in Replace With, he puts "one" (without quotes). After clicking "find" and "replace" enough, all the instances of "you" were changed to "one", and whoever wrote the essay got an A+.
• View - Options in here can change the appearance of a program. Most of it depends on the program you're using.
  • Toolbars - This lets you decide what toolbars to display if the program has a lot of them. An example of a toolbar is the one with the Save, Open, and New buttons.
• Help
  • If you are wondering how to do something in a program, a good place to look is in Help. After opening the Help menu, you can find help by choosing "Contents" or "Help Contents" or "Online Help".
  • About - A general description of the program you are using is in here. Another useful thing found in here is the version number of the program.
• Preferences
  • Many options for customizing a program can be found in Preferences. It is a window that comes up and is usually organized with tabs. Preferences can usually be found in Edit -> Preferences or Tools -> Options.

[edit] Scroll Bar

When there is too much stuff in a program to be displayed on the screen, a scroll bar appears in the right hand side of the window. Using this scroll bar, one can go up or down through the text or whatever needs scrolling. Scroll bars can also appear on the bottom of a window to scroll left and right. You scroll by using the following methods:

• Click the squares with the arrow icons. Up is for up, and down is for down. Every time you click the arrows, the bar between them (known as the "scroll bar") goes up or down automatically.
• Click and hold the scroll bar and drag it. Dragging it down scrolls down the text, and dragging up scrolls up. Release the mouse when finished.
• There may be a small wheel on your mouse. This is called a "scroll wheel". It will most likely be between the two mouse buttons. You can use this to scroll up and down.
• The Page Up and Page Down buttons on the keyboard will scroll up and down in large increments.
• The arrow keys on your keyboard can sometimes be used for scrolling.

On some occasions, there will be scroll bars inside of scroll bars. This may be confusing, but you'll get the hang of it.

[edit] Linux

Linux is an operating system, much like Windows is. An operating system, aka "OS", is the middleman between you and the computer. It creates an environment where the user can interact with the computer in an efficient manner. It was originally created by Linus Torvalds, while he was still in college. In its early stages, it was a command interface(that's where you HAVE to type exactly what you want the computer to do), but now has grown to a fully featured OS used by Enterprises, Developers, and by the Power-Users at home who need an OS that can perform in the most rigor environments.

Known worldwide as the core of the Open Source world, Linux's nature is comprised as "free". Linux is "free" by allowing the average user to observe and make changes to the source code of Linux as needed. That means if YOU want some kind of special functionality, YOU can implement it. For that reason, Linux is as diverse as the humans that inhabit the Earth. Unlike Windows, where only a few choices of the OS exist, Linux has literally hundreds of very different variations of itself created and maintained to perform a specific function for a community of users.

[edit] Installing Linux

You can get Linux by downloading it, burning it to a disk, placing it inside your computer, rebooting it, and following the installation process. Always back up your data and defragment your disk before installing Linux.

[edit] Booting Linux for the first time

After burning Linux to a disk, leave it inside the computer and reboot it. If the computer is new enough, it should boot directly from the disk.

[edit] Running Linux

You can either run Linux after installing it or directly from the live disk.

[edit] Linux Shortcuts

F1 = help

[edit] Gnome

[edit] K Desktop (KDE)