Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Consolidated Engineering Corporation
Consolidated Engineering Corporation was a chemical instrument manufacturer from 1937 to 1960 when it became a subsidiary of Böwe Bell & Howell.
History[edit | edit source]
CEC was founded in 1937 by Herbert Hoover, Jr. as sole proprietor. Dr. Harold Washburn was hired in 1938 as VP for Research, with a mandate to develop instruments applicable to petroleum prospecting.
Mr. Hoover was trained as a mining engineer and Dr. Washburn had a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering. His thesis Professor was E.O. Lawrence, a physicist at the University of California, Berkeley. Four physicists from California Institute of Technology were hired into the Research Dept. in a project to develop a mass spectrometer. The initial product was the 21-101 Mass Spectrometer delivered in December 1942, installed in early 1943, initial price $12,000, with no options.[1][2]
CEC became a publicly held corporation in 1945, with Mr. Hoover selling all of his stock. Philip Fogg became President. The name changed to Consolidated Electrodynamics Corp. in 1955, because some states required that a service engineer for an engineering company be a licensed engineer in that state.
The mass spectrometer products and other analytical instrument products were separated from other product lines in a “Chemical Instruments” marketing department sometime between 1945 and 1948 with Harold Wiley as Manager for Chemical Instruments. The Chemical Instruments Department became the Analytical and Control Division in about 1959 with Harold Wiley as General Manager. This name was later changed to the Analytical Instruments Div.
CEC became a subsidiary of Bell and Howell Corp. in 1960. In 1968 the CEC Corporation was dissolved and CEC became the Electronics Instrument Group of Bell and Howell. In the mid-1970s the Analytical Instruments Div. of Bell and Howell was sold to the Instrument Div. of duPont.
Over the years, mass spectrometry proved to be a widely used and powerful analytical technique and a variety of laboratory instruments became available from several companies.[3] DuPont abandoned the analytical instruments business in the late 1970s, however, CEC’s mass spectrometer heritage did not end there.
In the mid-1950s, CEC had split off a subsidiary, Consolidated Systems Corporation, to produce custom instruments and systems. Lawrence G. Hall carried CEC mass spectrometer know-how to CSC and led their team to put the first mass spectrometer in space on a National Aeronautics and Space Administration upper atmosphere research satellite, Explorer 17, in 1963. Nine more satellites and the Pioneer Venus spacecraft carried CSC magnetic sector and quadrupole mass spectrometer analyzers built for NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.[4][5][6]
In 1967, this business became Perkin-Elmer Corporation’s Applied Sciences Division, located in Pomona, CA. ASD mass spectrometers monitored the respiratory function of returning Apollo astronauts and were evaluated in NASA and U.S. Navy test programs for manned atmosphere monitoring. They were deployed on Skylab (the first U.S. space laboratory),[7] [8] Apollo-Soyuz (the first joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. space mission), Space Shuttle/Spacelab flights and two more USN submarines. ASD research instruments also flew on two Mars Viking Landers in 1976, analyzing the Martian atmosphere and searching for chemical signs of life in its soil.[9]
In the early 1970’s, General Manager Bliss M. Bushman led ASD’s expansion as a manufacturer of mass spectrometer-based submarine atmosphere monitors and commercial products. Their Central Atmosphere Monitoring System, now in its third generation, has been standard equipment on U.S. Navy submarines for over three decades.[10] [11] Their commercial industrial chemical monitors are sold throughout the world today under Hamilton Sundstrand’s Applied Instrument Technologies banner. They are deployed in the petrochemical, pharmaceutical, steel and oil refining industires, among others.
ASD became Orbital Sciences Corporation’s Sensor Systems Division in 1993 and developed the Major Constituent Analyzer for the International Space Station's atmosphere. SSD was sold again in 2001, becoming Hamilton Sundstrand Space, Land and Sea, Pomona Site, a few months after SSD's MCA began continuous on-orbit operation aboard Space Station.[12] Pomona Site is updating and expanding the MCA for Orion, NASA’s new manned spacecraft.[13]
Along with Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Pomona Site developed an ion trap mass spectrometer chemical detection system for chemical warfare agents,[14] and these units are now being deployed on U.S. Army reconnaissance vehicles. When fitted for bio-aerosol sampling, CBMS II has also demonstrated effective biological warfare agent detection.
To this day, Hamilton Sundstrand Pomona Site continues the heritage of CEC, the company that pioneered the development and sale of mass spectrometers for chemical analysis.
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Meyerson, Seymour (1986). "Reminiscences of the early days of mass spectrometry in the petroleum". Organic Mass Spectrometry. 21 (4): 197–208. doi:10.1002/oms.1210210406. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ↑ Judson, Charles, "Consolidated Electrodynamics Corporation CEC 100 Series mass Spectrometers" (PDF), American Society for Mass Spectrometry (PDF), retrieved 2010-05-01
{{citation}}:|format=requires|url=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|coeditors=and|coauthors=(help) - ↑ Grayson, Michael A. (2002). Measuring mass: from positive rays to proteins. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Press. ISBN 0-941901-31-9.
- ↑ Hedin, A. (1974). "Empirical Model of Global Thermospheric Temperature and Composition Based on Data From the Ogo 6 Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer". J. Geophys.Res. 79 (1): 215–225.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ↑ Hedin, A.E. (1977). "A global thermospheric model based on mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter data MSIS. I - N2 density and temperature". J.Geophys.Res. 82: 2139–2147.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ↑ Carignan, G.R. (1981). "The Neutral Mass Spectrometer On Dynamics Explorer B". Space Science Instrumentation. 5: 429–441.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ↑ Michel, E.L. (1975). "Skylab experiment M-171, Metabolic Activity: results of the first manned mission". Acta Astronautica. 2 (3, 4): 351–365.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ↑ Lehotsky, Ralph B. (1973). "A Mass Spectrometer Sensor System For Metabolic Analysis And Atmospheric Monitoring On Skylab And Future Manned Spacecraft". Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics. San Francisco, CA: American Society for Mass Spectrometry.
- ↑ Rushneck, D.R. (1978). "Viking gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer". Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49: 817. doi:10.1063/1.1135623.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ↑ Wyatt, Jeffrey R. (2001). "No More Loose Fillings Or Slow Embalming. How Naval Science Helped Submariners Breathe Easy". Undersea Warfare, The Official Magazine of the U.S. Submarine Force. 3 (2).
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ↑ Niu, William (2004). "Feasibility Study of a Next-Generation Submarine Atmosphere Monitoring System". Proceedings of the International Conference On Environmental Systems. Colorado Springs, CO: SAE International.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|document=ignored (help) - ↑ Maleki Thoresen, Souzan (2009). "International Space Station (ISS) Major Constituent Analyzer (MCA) On-Orbit Performance". SAE International Journal of Aerospace. 1 (1): 33–39.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ↑ Burchfield, David E. (2009). "The Orion Air Monitor; an Optimized Analyzer for Environmental Control and Life Support". SAE International Journal of Aerospace. 1 (1): 201–206.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ↑ "Mass Spectrometer Can Detect Weapons of Mass Destruction". Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review. 33 (3). 2000.
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