CCNA Certification/Physical Layer
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Acknowledgements — Introduction — The OSI Model — Application Layer — Transport Layer — Network Layer — Addressing — Routing Protocols — Data Link Layer — Switching — Physical Layer — Router Operation — Advanced Addressing Topics — Advanced Routing Topics — Advanced Switching Topics — Security — WAN — Configuration — Conclusion — References — About the Exam — Cisco Router Commands — Quick Reference Sheet
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[edit] Physical Layer
The physical layer is level one in the seven level OSI model of computer networking as well as in the five layer TCP/IP reference model. It performs services requested by the data link layer.
The physical layer is the most basic network layer, providing only the means of transmitting raw bits rather than packets over a physical data link connecting network nodes. No packet headers nor trailers are consequently added to the data by the physical layer. The bit stream may be grouped into code words or symbols, and converted to a physical signal, which is transmitted over a physical transmission medium. The physical layer provides an electrical, mechanical, and procedural interface to the transmission medium. The shapes of the electrical connectors, which frequencies to broadcast on, what modulation scheme to use and similar low-level parameters are specified here. An analogy of this layer in a physical mail network would be the roads along which the vans carrying the mail drive.
The physical layer determines the bit rate in bit/s, also known as channel capacity, digital bandwidth, maximum throughput or connection speed.
The major functions and services performed by the physical layer are:
- Bit-by-bit node-to-node delivery
- Providing a standardized interface to physical transmission media, including
- Mechanical specification of electrical connectors and cables, for example maximum cable length
- Electrical specification of transmission line signal level and impedance
- Radio interface, including electromagnetic spectrum frequency allocation and specification of signal strength, analog bandwidth, etc.
- Specifications for IR over optical fiber or a wireless IR communication link
- Modulation
- Line coding
- Bit synchronization in synchronous serial communication
- Start-stop signalling and flow control in asynchronous serial communication
- Circuit mode multiplexing
- Carrier sense and collision detection utilized by some level 2 multiple access protocols
- Equalization filtering, training sequences, pulse shaping and other signal processing of physical signals
The physical layer is also concerned with
- Point-to-point, multipoint or point-to-multipoint line configuration
- Physical network topology, for example bus, ring, mesh or star network
- Serial or parallel communication
- Simplex, half duplex or full duplex transmission mode
[edit] Physical signaling sublayer
In a local area network (LAN) or a metropolitan area network (MAN) using open systems interconnection (OSI) architecture, the physical signaling sublayer is the portion of the physical layer that:
- interfaces with the medium access control sublayer (MAC)which is a part of Data Link Layer
- performs character encoding, transmission, reception and decoding
- performs mandatory isolation functions.
Source: from Federal Standard 1037C
[edit] Examples
- V.92 telephone network modems
- xDSL
- IRDA physical layer
- USB physical layer
- Firewire
- EIA RS-232, EIA-422, EIA-423, RS-449, RS-485
- ITU Recommendations: see ITU-T
- DSL
- ISDN
- T1 and other T-carrier links, and E1 and other E-carrier links
- 10BASE-T, 10BASE2, 10BASE5, 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-FX, 100BASE-T, 1000BASE-T, 1000BASE-SX and other varieties of the Ethernet physical layer
- Varieties of 802.11
- SONET/SDH
- GSM radio interface
- Bluetooth physical layer
- IEEE 802.11x Wi-Fi physical layers
[edit] Hardware equipment (network node) examples
Note: Physical layer Associated with transmission of unstructured bit streams over a physical link. Responsible for the mechanical, electrical and procedural characteristics that establish, maintain and deactivate the physical link.
[edit] LAN Technologies
[edit] Ethernet
[edit] Fast Ethernet
[edit] Fiber
[edit] WAN Technologies
[edit] DSL
[edit] Cable
[edit] T1
[edit] Frame Relay
[edit] ISDN
[edit] Metro Fiber
[edit] ATM
[edit] Analog modems
[edit] PAP/CHAP
PPP=> PPP is an Open standard protocol works with same & different company routers.
Eg. Cisco--Cisco, Cisco--Nortel.
PPP supports compression.
PPP supports authentication.
there are two types of PPP authentication.
a) PAP---Password Authentication Protocol
b) CHAP--Challenge Handshake authentication protocol
[edit] References
PAP =>PAP is two handshaking protocol means it sends User name & password in clear text while authentication which means it can be easily accessed which means it is unsecure.
CHAP => CHAP is Three way handshaking protocol means it sends User name in clear text whereas password in an encrypted format.so it is secure as compare to PAP.
