Afrikaans/Print version
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[edit]
Afrikaans
[edit] Main Contents
- Introduction
- Pronounciation
- Lessons
- Appendix
- Contributors
- GFDL
[edit] Introduction
[edit] The youngest Germanic language
The name "Afrikaans" means literally "African". Afrikaans has its roots in 17th-century Dutch, but has since developed its own distinctive character and flavour in the three centuries that it developed mostly in South Africa and in parts of Namibia. Being a Germanic language, it is closely related to Dutch, English and to a lesser extent German. Compare the following:
- English: I eat an apple.
- Afrikaans: Ek eet 'n appel.
- Dutch: Ik eet een appel.
- German: Ich esse einen Apfel.
English has many more words of a Latin or French origin than Afrikaans, but a more archaic word can often show the similarities between the two languages.
- English: hound, fowl, house, milk
- Afrikaans: hond, voël, huis, melk
Most interestingly, consider these two sentences:
- My hand is in warm water.
- My pen is in my hand.
These two sentences can be either English or Afrikaans, and both have exactly the same meaning in both languages. But despite this, Afrikaans has significant differences from English. It might not be as easy to learn for an English speaker as, say, Esperanto, but it is still considered a relatively easy language to learn, and is advocated by some as a good introduction to learning Dutch and other Germanic languages in general.
[edit] Can Afrikaans people and Dutch people understand each other?
Afrikaans and Dutch are very closely related and are more or less mutually understandable. More about that here. Dutch's grammar is a bit more complex than Afrikaans', but they share a lot of the same vocabulary, albeit with slightly different spellings and pronunciations. Comparing Afrikaans and Dutch is somewhat like comparing Norwegian Bokmål and Danish.
It is a commonly held belief that Afrikaans people tend to understand Dutch quite well, and Dutch people generally need more time to understand Afrikaans. The truth of this claim may vary from individual to individual. Some Afrikaans people claim to understand written Dutch better than spoken Dutch.
[edit] Language of the oppressor?
Afrikaans is seen by some in a negative light because it was the language promoted by the apartheid regime. Some even claim that it should be forgotten. We acknowledge the terrible atrocities of that regime but still regard Afrikaans language and culture as beautiful and worthy of preservation. The past is the past; it cannot be changed. The future is what really counts. Should German language and culture be done away with because it was once advocated by the Nazi party?
Besides, many speakers of the language (about half!) were not 'white' and were victims of the regime's many manipulations, including ripping apart families and forcefully moving whole communities.
[edit] Trivia
- Afrikaans is the only European language that developed outside of Europe.
- A few words in English, such as "commando" and "aardvark", are of Afrikaans origin. [1]
- Afrikaans is the only language in the world to have a monument dedicated to it. [2]
- The Arabic script has been used to write Afrikaans. [3]
- Afrikaans is the youngest natural language in the world.
On to Pronunciation!>>
[edit] Pronunciation
Afrikaans uses the same alphabet as English. Notable differences include diacritics on the letters (like ê), while certain letters, such as c, exist but are infrequently used.
You'll soon find Afrikaans is a very phonetic language; that is, unlike in English, French or even its parent language Dutch, Afrikaans words are almost always spelled the way they sound.
This chart uses IPA - the international phonetic alphabet to show the exact Afrikaans pronunciation. You can read more about it here: wikipedia:IPA. The English words are only an approximate guide. Afrikaans pronunciation can be a bit tricky for English speakers because the language has quite a few sounds that don't exist in English. The best way to learn is to listen to native Afrikaans speakers. You can listen to streaming Afrikaans radio here and hear Afrikaans sound recordings at this site.
| Letter | IPA | English Approximation | Example Word |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | ʌ, a, ɑː | plus, jump, awesome | kap |
| aa | ɑː | awesome | daad |
| aai | aːɪ | why | laai |
| ai | aɪ | thai | baie |
| au | ou | goat | auditorium |
| b | b, p (final position) | bat, mapp | bevat |
| ch | x | loch | chemie |
| c | s (before e, i, and y), k | sun, kick | celcius |
| d | d, t (final position) | dark, hat | daar |
| dj | c | no english approximation | djihad |
| e | ɛ, iˑǝ, ə, æ | bed, erie, about, cat | bed |
| ê | ɛː (final position), æ | hair, cat | hê |
| ee | iˑe | eerie | een |
| eeu | iːu | east + took | leeu |
| ei | əi | play | seil |
| ey | əi | play | ceylon |
| eu | øː | few | euforie |
| f | f | fox | familie |
| g | x, g, ç | loch, golf, hue | geld |
| gh | g, k (final possition) | golf, kick | gholf |
| h | h | high | hoe |
| i | i, ə | see, about | idee |
| ie | i | see | dankie |
| j | j | yes | ja |
| k | k | kick | kat |
| l | l | let | lughawe |
| m | m | mall | maak |
| n | n, ŋ (before c, k, q, and x) | nice, sing | van |
| ng | ŋ | sing | vang |
| ns | the n is silent, and the previous vowel is nasalized | no english approximation | afrikaans |
| o | ɔ, oˑǝ | bog, wisdom | obligasie |
| ô | ɔ | cause | môre |
| oe | u | loot | voet |
| oei | uiː | phooey | koei |
| oi | oj | row + yes | boikot |
| oo | uˑo | loot | soom |
| ooi | ɔiː | oil | strooi |
| ou | ɔʊ | tow | mou |
| p | p | map | paar |
| r | ɾ | very | rooi |
| s | s | sun | sein |
| sj | ʃ | shin | sjoe |
| t | t | top | taal |
| tj | tʃ (initial position), kj | top + shin, kick + yes | tjek |
| u | ɵ | urn | uit |
| uu | y | breed | duur |
| û | œː | no english approximation | brûe |
| ui | œy | play | lui |
| uy | œy | urn + east | ly |
| v | f | fox | voël |
| w | v, w (after consonant) | visit, winter | water |
| y | əi | play | ys |
| z | z | zulu | zirkonium |
[edit] Lesson One
Afrikaans Les Een: The Basics
[edit] Vocabulary
These vocabulary words can be found through this lesson, in the examples, in the dialogues, and to assist you in doing the exercises. Anytime there is a word you don't know in the lesson, refer to this comprehensive list.
| English | Afrikaans |
|---|---|
| and | en |
| be | wees (present tense: is) |
| eat | eet |
| food | kos |
| good afternoon | goeiemiddag |
| goodbye | totsiens |
| good evening | goeienaand |
| good morning | goeiemôre |
| goodnight | goeienag |
| hello | hallo/goeiedag |
| hi | haai |
| How are you? | Hoe gaan dit (met jou/U/julle)? |
| I'm fine | Ek is goed/ Dit gaan goed met my |
| My name is... | My naam is.../ Ek is... |
| see | sien |
| sleep | slaap |
| thanks | dankie |
[edit] Dialogue
Each lesson's dialogue will provide a conversation with features that will be discussed in the lesson, so that by the time you finish the lesson you should be able to understand without looking at the translation why the conversation is structured the way it is.
| Valerie | Goeiemôre! |
|---|---|
| Johan | Hallo! Hoe gaan dit met u? |
| Valerie | Dit gaan goed met my, dankie. Ek is Valerie, en u? |
| Johan | My naam is Johan. |
| Valerie | Totsiens, Johan! |
[edit] Translation
| Valerie | Good morning! |
|---|---|
| Johan | Hello! How are you? |
| Valerie | I'm fine, thanks. I'm Valerie, and you? |
| Johan | My name is Johan. |
| Valerie | Goodbye, Johan! |
[edit] Greetings
Afrikaans greetings are used in the same way as English ones are. What this means is that when speaking informally, you will usually greet someone with a haai rather than saying hallo or goeiedag to them. It is important to know that goeienaand is how you greet someone in the evening while goeienag is something you say when you're leaving someone at nighttime. Finally, the informal way to ask how someone is is Hoe gaan dit with the addition of met jou at the end being optional. If you are in a formal situation, or speaking to more than one person, you will add met u (formal) or met julle (plural). The pronoun section will clarify when to use jou/u/julle, which all translate into English as you.
[edit] Pronouns
[edit] Subject Pronouns
The subject of a sentence corresponds to who is doing the action (She loves him).
| English | Afrikaans |
|---|---|
| I | ek |
| you (singular, familiar) | jy |
| you (singular/plural/polite) | u |
| he | hy |
| she | sy |
| it | dit |
| we | ons |
| you (plural) | julle |
| they | hulle |
[edit] Object Pronouns
The object of a sentence is who the action is directed towards (She loves him, I gave it to her).
| English | Afrikaans |
|---|---|
| me | my |
| you (singular, familiar) | jou |
| you (singular/plural/polite) | u |
| him | hom |
| her | haar |
| it | dit |
| us | ons |
| you (plural) | julle |
| them | hulle |
The most obvious difference is the three forms of "you". Jy is most like the English "you", and is used more generally and when addressing a friend. U is the formal or polite version of "you", and is used when addressing an elder, your boss, a stranger or anyone whom you wish to show respect. Note that it is capitalized when referring to the Christian God. Julle is used when addressing more than one person.
[edit] Word Order
In Afrikaans, simple, present tense sentences are in SVO word order. English is an SVO language too. SVO stands for subject-verb-object. This means who does the verb comes first, than the verb comes next, and lastly, if the verb is directed towards something or someone it comes last. For example, in the sentence "I eat fruit" "I" is the person doing the action so it is first. "Eating" is what I'm doing so it comes second, and the eating is done to the fruit, so it's the object. So "I'm eating food" in Afrikaans is therefore "Ek eet kos".
[edit] Verb "To Be"
The infinitive is the form of a verb when it has no subject. In English this is to+verb, or just the verb. In Afrikaans the infinitive is the "regular" form you'll find in the dictionary, but even easier than English, the present tense and the infinitive are the same so the only difference between them is one has a subject and one doesn't. What this means is that while in many languages the verb changes forms when talking about different people ("I love-->She loves"), in Afrikaans we depend on the subject. There are two big exceptions to this, and we're going to learn the first one in this lesson. "To be" in Afrikaans is "wees" but the present form is not also wees, but rather is.
Another important thing to know is that the Afrikaans present can be both regular present and the present continuous ("Sally eet" can mean either "Sally eats" or "Sally is eating").
[edit] Exercises
Translate these sentences into English.
- Jy is Johan.
- Hoe gaan dit?
- Valerie slaap.
- Goeienag!
- Ek sien hulle.
- Sy is goed.
- Ek eet kos.
Translate these sentences into Afrikaans.
- I am Sally.
- My name is Johan.
- You (plural) eat it.
- We are sleeping.
- Hi!
- You (formal) see him.
[edit] Exercise Answers
Answers to the above exercises.
- You (sigular) are Johan.
- How are you? (informal)
- Valerie sleeps/is sleeping.
- Goodnight
- I see them.
- She's fine.
- I eat food.
- Ek is Sally.
- My naam is Johan.
- Julle eet dit.
- Ons slaap.
- Haai!
- U sien hom.
[edit] External Links
Check out these other amazing sources!
[edit] See Also
[edit] External Links
- Learn Afrikaans Online (for free)
- Omniglot entry on Afrikaans
- Introduction to Afrikaans
- Online English-to-Afrikaans dictionary
- Streaming Afrikaans radio
- Die Knoop's extensive directory of Afrikaans websites
- Language links - Afrikaans
- Free Learn Afrikaans Resources at Free Language
[edit] Newspapers
Here is a list of Newspapers in South Africa and Namibia.
[edit] 
Suid-Afrikaanse koerante (Afrikaans), South African newspapers
- http://www.news24.com/Beeld/Home/ - Beeld
- http://www.dieburger.com/ - Die Burger
- http://www.news24.com/Die_Volksblad/Home/0,8521,5,00.html - Volksblad
- http://www.news24.com/Rapport/Home/0,7719,752,00.html - Rapport
- http://www.dieson.co.za/ - Die son
[edit] 
Namibiese koerante (Afrikaans), Namibian newspapers
- http://www.republikein.com.na/ -Republikein
[edit] Contributors
The Afrikaans Language textbook was first started on June 12, 2005. Add yourself to the list below if you feel you've made a significant contribution to this textbook.
- Icelandic Hurricane ( talk | email | contribs )
- Rakuten06 ( talk | email | contribs )
- Delano ( talk | email | contribs )
- Solstici ( talk | email | contribs )
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