A-level Applied Science/Controlling Chemical Processes
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Contents |
[edit] What do you need to know?
[edit] The mole equation
Moles= Mass divided by the realitive atomic mass
Moles = Concentration x Volume, if this volume is in cm3 the answer must be divided by 1000!
You may be required to rearrange the equation in the exam, remeber this!!
Reactions that have both a forward and reverse reaction
Dynamic equilibrium- a reaction that has both a forward and reverse which occurs at the same rate
Le Chatlier`s principle- When conditions on a system in equilibrium are changed, equilibrium will move to minimise the effect of the change. When the pressure is increased equilibrium moves in the direction of the fewest molecules. If the temperature is increased, equilibrium moves in the direction of the endothermic reaction.
[edit] Rates of Reaction
Increasing the rate
Increase the temperature
Particles have more energy, therefore move faster, collide more often, with energy which exceeds the activation engergy
Increase the concentration/Pressure (Same marking point in exams)
Increases the number of collisions, therefore more successful collisions
Use of a Catalyst
Offers an alternative route with a lower activation energy
Use smaller particles/larger surface area
Increases the chance of collisions
[edit] The Collision theory
Chemical reactions happen when particles collide
Particles must collide with sufficient energy (the activation energy)
Activation energy - The minimum amount of energy required for particles to react
[edit] The Boltzmann Distribution model
Please follow the internal link, you need to know; - The title of the X and Y axes (X=Number of particles/molecules (both accepted by examiners) Y= Energy) -The shape of the curve -Where the activation energy lies (EA) -Where the activation energy with a catalyst lies (EACAT) -The affect of an increase in temperature (Moves the the right and down) -The affect of a decrease in temperature (Moves the the left and up)
[edit] Orders of Reaction
1st Order - Doubling the concentration, doubles the rate 2nd Order - Doubling the concentration increases the rate by a factor of 4 Zero Order - Doubling the concentration has no affect on the rate
[edit] The rate equation
Rate = K[A]a[B]b
K is the rate constant
Rules if a or b = 1 do not include e.g. Rate=K[A][B], both are 1st order if a or b = 0 do not include at all e.g. Rate=K[B], A is zero order, so has not been included if a or b = 2 include it! e.g. Rate=K[A]2[B], A is 2nd order, but B is 1st order, the overall order of reaction is therefore 3rd order.
To find the overall order of reaction just add up all the little numbers!
INCOMPLETE, OTHER DETAILS WILL BE ADDED SOON!
